THUPATNA
Khen masa lamah Synoptic Gospels ahi Matthai, Marka leh Luka-te kibatna thu kigen khinzo hi. Ahi zongin, amaute in kibatlohna zong tampi tak mah na nei uh hi. ‘Bang hangin pawlkhatte kibang a, pawlkhatte kibanglo hi ding hiam?’ cih pen Synoptic Problem kici-in, ‘Lungdamna Thu bu masa thumte sunga haksatna’ cihna ahi hi. Gentehna-in, Matthai leh Marka sunga tangthu pawlkhatte pen Luka sungah om loin, Marka leh Luka sunga tangthu pawlkhatte pen Matthai sungah omlo leuleu hi. Tua banah, Matthai leh Luka sung a tangthu om pawlkhatte pen Marka sungah omlo zel hi, cih bang hong hi neunau hi. Tua banga Lungdamna Thu bu masa thumte sunga haksatna omte leptuah (solve) sawmna pen “Source Criticism” tup-le-ngim ahi hi.
1. SOURCE CRITICISM
Source Criticism in, Matthai, Marka leh Luka-te a kigelh hun lai-in ‘etteh’ (source) dingin bang zang hiding hiam?’ cih kankhiat sawm hi. Tua banga a kanna lam-ah, “Synoptic Gospels-te lakah koi pen kigelh masa pen ding hiam?” cih tawh kisai-in zong dotna neikhawm pah hi. Tuate a tomno-in ensuk ding hi hang.
2. MATTHAI KIGELH MASA PEN DINGA UPNA
Hih pen “Griesbach Hypothesis” zong kici hi. Griesbach-in Matthai kigelh masa penin, a zom-ah Luka, a nunung pen Marka hi dingin tuat hi. Hih ngaihsutna-ah, Luka in Matthai ettehin, Marka in Matthai leh Luka etteh dingin kituat hi. Ahi zongin hih ngaihsutna pen kisangzo lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, a nuai a thute hang ahi hi.
(a) Matthai kigelh khinta ahih leh, bang hangin Marka gelhkik kul sese ding hiam? Marka sung a kigelh thute khempeuh phial pen Matthai sungah om khin ta hi.
(b) Luka in Matthai a etteh ding lamethuai lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Matthai sung a kimu Mualtung Thuhilhna (Mt. 5-7) pen Luka in Matthai gelh bangin mun khatah gawmkhawm loin, mun tuamtuamah khen kawikawi hi. Matthai tung panin Luka in a laksawn hileh, Matthai koih dan lian mahin a koih ding lamethuai hi.
(c) Matthai kammal zatmun mahmah ‘tua ciangin’ (then) cih pen Marka leh Luka sungah kitam muh lo hi.
3. LUKA KIGELH MASA PEN DINGA UPNA
Mi pawlkhatte in Luka kigelh masa penin, tua zawh ciangin Matthai leh Marka kigelh pan dingin tuat uh hi. Ahi zongin hih ngaihsutna in nungzui tam ngah mello hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh:
(a) Luka sung a thu tampite pen Matthai leh Marka sungah kikhum kha lo hi. Luka tung panin kilasawn hileh, koih teitei ding a kilawm tangthu tampi om hi.
(b) Luka kammal zat mun mahmah pawlkhat pen Matthai leh Marka sungah kimu lo hi.
Tunai deuh mahmahin hih ngaihsutna pen hong phonglo thak uh a, tuate lakah Lai Siangtho siam minthang mahmah Mark Goodacre leh James D. G. Dunn-te zong kihel uh hi. Amaute in Matthai in Luka etteh hi ding hi, ci-in tuat uh hi. Gentehna tampi lak panin khat gen lehang, ‘Mualtung Thuhilhna’ (Sermon on the Mount) Matthai 5-7 sunga kimu pen Luka sungah a lomin kigelh loin, mun tuamtuamah kikhen thang hi. Luka in Matthai kiang panin lasawn hileh, Matthai koih bang lian mahin mun khatah koihkhawm ding hi, ci uh hi. Ahi zongin, Luka-in, ‘Mualtung Thuhilhna’ pen Matthai bangin mun khatah lom khatin koih loin, mun tuamtuamah khenthang zawsop hi. Tua ahih manin, Matthai-in Luka kiang panin lasawnzaw hi ding hi, ci-in ngaihsun uh hi. Hih ngaihsutna pen a dik theihna ciang zong om hi. Ahi zongin, thudik pen tuni dongin kuamahin theizo nai loin, ngaihsutna bek mah hilai hi.
4. MARKA KIGELH MASA PEN DINGA UPNA
(a) Two-Source Hypthesis: Hih ngaihsutna pen mi tamzawte upna leh ngaihsutna hi-in, “Two-Document Hypothesis” zong kici hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Synoptic Gospel-te in lai gelhna dingin etteh nih (two source) nei-in; tuate pen Q and Marka-te ahi hi. Hih ngaihsutna (hypothesis) in Marka pen kigelh masa pen dingin tuat hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh:
(i) Marka tangthu lepdan (Mark’s order- Jesu suahna, a kituiphumna, a kize-etna, a nasepna, a thuakna, sihna leh thawhkikna, cih bangin) lian bang mahin Luka/Matthai in lem hi. Tua ahih manin Matthai leh Luka sung a tangthu pawlkhatte pen Marka tung pan a kilasawn hikha thei ding hi.
(ii) Marka kammal zat pen Matthai leh Luka zatte sangin kipuahlozaw hi. Tua ahih leh, Matthai leh Luka-te in Marka tung panin a laksawn thute pen, a kilawmzaw leh a manzaw dingin (grammar) puahkik, cihna hithei ding hi.
(iii) Marka in Matthai leh Luka-te sangin Jesu tangthu pen tawm gelhzaw hi napi, a gelh sunsunte pen kician tak leh kim takin gelh hamtang zel hi. Tua ahih manin, a sau luate pen Matthai leh Luka in tomkaih pawl nei thei kha ding cihna suak hi. “Two-Document/Two-Source Hypthesis” lim pen a nuaia bangin kigelh thei ding hi (Hih page ah a lim piang theilo ahih manin, ki lakhia hi).
(b) Four-Document Hypothesis: Matthai leh Luka in Marka tung pan hilo, etteh dang (source) zong nei dingin tuatna om lai hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Marka sunga omlo, ahi zongin Matthai leh Luka sung a tangthu kibang muh ding om kawikawi hi. Tuate pen Lai Siangtho siamte in “Q” panin kilasawn hi dingin tuat uh hi. “Q” pen “Quelle” (German) cihna hi-in, “(ettehna) naak” (source) cihna ahi hi. A kituatna-ah, Matthai leh Luka sungah Lai Siangtho taang (verse) kibang 250 phial omin, ahi zongin tuate pen Marka sungah kimu lo hi. Hih Lai Siangtho taangte pen Jesu thuilhna tawh kisai diakte (sayings) hi-in, Lai Siangtho siamte in “Q” pana kilasawn hi dingin tuat uh hi. Gentehna-in, Mt. 3:7-10 = Lk. 3:7-9 pen Marka sungah omlo hi.
Tua ahih leh, ‘Luka sung beka kimu tangthute leh Matthai sung beka kimu tangthute pen koi lai panin kila hi ding hiam?’ cih dotna om leuleu hi. Lai Siangtho siamte mahin, Matthai sung beka kimu tangthute pen “M-Special/M-Peculiar” ci-in (e.g. Mualtung Thuhilhna, Nungak Siangtho 10 te tangthu, etc.), Luka sung beka kimute pen “L-Special/L-Peculiar” ci uh hi (e.g. Tuiphum Johan thuhilhna, Emmau lampi paina, etc). Amaute ngaihsutna-ah, Marka leh Q banah Matthai leh Luka-te in etteh (source) dang “M” leh “L” nei uh, cihna ahi hi. Hih ngaihsutna pen “Four – Document Hypothesis” kici-in, etteh tuamtuam li (4 sources) om cihna ahi hi. Tuate pen Marka, Q, M leh L-te ahi uh hi.
“Four-Document Hypothesis” pen a limin gelh ding hi lehang, a nuaia bangin kigelh thei ding hi (Hih page ah a lim piang theilo ahih manin kilakhia hi).
THUKHUPNA
A tunga kigen bang danin Synoptic Gospels sunga a kibatna leh kibatlohnate (Synoptic Problem) pen Lai Siangtho siamte in leptuah nasawm mahmah uh hi. ‘Bang hangin hih bangin Lai Siangtho pen sin deudau kul sese hiam?’ cih leh, biakna dang a bel mite tung pan le Khristiante tektek tung panin zong, “Lai Siangtho pen haksatna tawh kidim hi,’ ci-in a gen theih zel hang uh hikha ding hi. Tua bang hisese kei leh zong, Lai Siangtho tawh kisai theihna a khan semsem ding pen a hoih peuhpeuh hi, cilehang khial kei ni.
Tuhun ciangin, Synoptic Gospel-te lakah a tamzawte in Marka pen a kigelh masa pen dingin tuatin, a nung ciangin Matthai leh Luka-te kigelh pan dingin tuat uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Luka leh Matthai sungah Marka gelh thute pen 80-90% (601 out of 661 verses in Marka is reproduced in Matthew and Luke) phial kimu kik hi. Tua banah, Matthai leh Luka-te in Marka kammal 50% phial zang kik hi. Thupiang a kilepdan (order and events) tawh kisai-in zong, Matthai leh Luka-te in Marka lim takin zui uh hileh kilawm hi. Ahi zongin, hih banga ngaihsutna pen ‘man khin mah hi’ cihna lian om nai tuanlo hi (research hihna dingin mun awng lai, cihna hi).
Tua banah, Source Criticism in Thuciam Thak a kigelh zawh (written documents) hun a kipanin sut pan bek ahih manin, a kigelhma hun thu bangmah sutin nei kha lo hi. Tua banah, a nuaia thute panin a kicinlohna pawlkhat kimu thei lai ding hi.
(a) Matthai leh Luka in kammal kibang tampi a zat laitak, tua thu tektek mah Marka sung a ki-et ciangin kammal tuam vilvel kizang hi. Matthai leh Luka in Marka etteh hileh, ‘Bang hangin Matthai leh Luka in tua thu tawh kisai-in kammal tuam zang sese hi ding hiam?’
(b) Matthai leh Luka sung a hel ding a kilawm, ahi zongin Matthai leh Luka in a gelhna sungah a hel khak loh, Marka sung bek a om tangthu muh ding om hi.
(c) A lamdang mahmah khat pen, Marka sunga thu pawlkhatte pen Matthai leh Luka sung a gawmkhop (combine) hileh kilawm hi.
LAI-LEENG 