LAI-LEENG

THUPATNA

Lungdamna Thu bute pen Jesu sihzawh phetin (ca. AD 30) kigelh pah loin, a sihzawh kum 20-30 khit khawng ciangin a kigelh pan ahi hi. Gentehna-in, Lungdamna Thu bu-te laka kigelh masa pen dinga kingaihsun Marka zong AD 60 pawla kigelh pan hi dingin kituat hi. Tua ahih leh, AD 60 hun masiah pen Jesu thugen leh Ama tangthu pen kamtawh kihilhsawn cihna hi ding hi. Hih a nuai-ah, Lungdamna Thu bute (adiakin Matthai, Marka leh Luka) a kigelhna hangte I gen ding hi. Tuama in, Jesu sihzawh cianga Ama tangthu a kigelhpah lohna hang pawlkhat gen masa ding hi hang.

1. LUNGDAMNA THU BUTE A KIGELHPAH LOHNA HANG

‘Bang hangin Evangelist-te in kum 20-30 sung phialtak Jesu tangthu leh a thugente pen gelh lohin hial uh hi ding hiam?’ cih dotna om thei hi. A hang pawlkhatte gensawm dih ni.

(a) Pasian Tung Panin Sawlna Ngah Lo: Jesu in Pasian tung panin a ngah thute pen Moses bangin gelhkhia dingin sawlna ngah lo hi. Tua banah, a nungzuite zong Ama tangthu gelh dingin sawl lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Pasian Ukna thu tangkona leh laigelhna in kisaina tam neihlo hi, kici thei ding hi.

(b) Jesu Hong Paikik Pah Dingin Kingaihsun (Imminent Parousia):  Thu-um masate in Jesu pen hong paikik pahin, leitung zong beipah dingin lametna nei uh ahih manin, Lungdamna Thu bute pen gelh ding hanciam in nei masa lo uh hikha thei hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, amaute upna mah bangin Jesu thugenna pawlkhat panin a hong paikik pahna ding thu kimu hi. Gentehna-in, Matthai 16:28 sungah Jesu-in, “Hih lai-a a om mi pawlkhatte a sih ma-in Mihing Tapa, Kumpi-in hong pai ding ahih lamtak phawkkhial kei un” ci-in gen hi. Tua mah bangin Luka 21:32 sungah, “Hih lai-a om mite a sihkhit ma-in hih thute hong piang ding ahihna phawk un” ci-in kigen hi.

(c) Kam Tawh Kihilhsawnna (oral tradition) Manpha Kisazaw: Thu-um masate in Jesu thugen leh a nasepnate pen, Amah tawh a kithuah mite (e.g. Jesu nungzuite) tung pan a ngaih ding pen deihzawkin neilai uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, lai a kigelh simkhiat ding sangin kamtawh kihilhsawnna pen tumlam mite in manphasazaw-in, vangneizaw (more authoritative) dingin zong ngaihsun uh hi. Tua ahih manin, nungzuite thugen ngaih ding a om sung teng pen, lai a kigelh sim ding cih bang pen ngaihsun zolo uh hikha thei hi, ci-in Robert H. Stein-in gen hi.

(d) Jesu Nungzuite Thugen Zakding Omlai (Eyewitness): A tunga kigensa mah bangin, tumlam mite ngaihsutna-ah (eastern mind), kam tawh a tangthu kihilhsawnna in vang a neih zawk banah, Jesu thugen leh a nasepnate mit tektek tawh a mu mite (eyewitness) thugen ngaih ding om lai ahih manin, Khristiante in amaute (nungzuite) thugen pen ngai nuamzaw lai tek uh hi. Tua ahih manin, lai a gelhkhiat ding pen kin-in nei masa khollo uh hi thei ding hi.

2. LUNGDAMNA THU BUTE A KIGELHKIKNA HANG

(a) Jesu Hong Paikik Pah Lo (Delay of Parousia): Jesu hong paikik pah loh tak ciangin, mite in amau nuntak hun sungin Jesu hong paiding pen lamenzo nawnlo uh hi. Tua banga lametna a bei hiaihiai tak ciangin, khangsawnte simtheih dingin Lungdamna Thu pen gelh ding hong kipan thakkik uh hileh kilawm hi.

(b) Nungzuite Thugen Zakding Om Nawnlo: Jesu kithuahpihte thugen (eyewitness) ngaihding a om nawnloh tak ciangin, Jesu thugente leh a nasepnate pen gelhkhiat ding kisam sakna Khristiante lakah om hi. Tua ahih manin, Lungdamna Thu bute kigelh kikin, Pawlpi tuamtuam-ah zat dingin kikhakkik leuleu hi.

(c) Pawlpi Mite Kisapna Dong-hu Dingin: Jesu thugen a za ngei kiuhkeuh lo leh a nungzuite thugen zong a ngai kha ngeilo Gentail mite lak ah thu-um mi hong kibehlapin, Pawlpi zong Palestine gam pualam-ah hong kiphuh tak ciangin, upna neithak mite in Jesu tangthu, a nasepna leh a thugente kiciamtehna laibu kisam uh hi. Tua ahih manin, Pawlpi mite kisapna dong-hu dingin Evangelist-te in Lungdamna Thu gelh uh hi.

Tua banah, mun tuamtuam a om Khristiante in haksatna leh bawlsiatna tuak uh hi. Tua ahih manin, Khristiante a thakhauhsak leh a lawpsak (encourage) dingin Jesu thuakna leh tangthute kigelh hi.

(d) Thuhilhna Manlo Lak Pan Kikepna Ding (apologetic) leh Kithuhilhna Dingin (catechetical): Thu-umlo mite lakah zong Jesu tangthu a theinuam pawlkhat omin, amaute kisapna a dong-hu pahpah thei dingin, Jesu tangthu kician taka kigelhna laibu neih ding kisam hi. Tua banah, Khristiante bawlsiatna hong omin, kamsang zuau leh a kineihkhem mi zong tam semsem ahih manin, Khristiante in amau leh amau kikepna ding (apologetic purpose), kimakaihna ding leh kithuhilhna dingin (catechetical purpose) Jesu tangthu kigelhna laibu kiciantak kisam uh hi.

(e) Pasian Biakna Muna Zat Dingin (Liturgical): Pasian biakna mun a zat dingin Jesu tangthu – a nasepna, sihna leh thawhkikna – kigelhna laibu kiciantak neih ding kisam ahih manin, Lungdamna Thu bute kigelh hi.

THUKHUPNA

A tunga kigenna panin Lungdamna Thu bute pen thakhat thu-in hong piangvat hi loin, Khristiante kisapna tawh kizui-in damdamin hong piang hizaw hi, cih pen kithei thei hi. A tomin gen lehang, Khristiante lamet kholh bangin Jesu hong paikik pah loin, mun tuamtuam leh gam tuamtuam-ah Pawlpi zong kibehlapin, thuhilhna manlo zong tam tektek hi. Tua bang haksatnate a dong-hu dingin Lungdamna Thu bute pen simtheih dingin kigelh hileh kilawm hi.

THUPATNA

Pawlpi makai khat hi napi, Lai Siangtho a kineih dan tawmcik bek zong theilo a om pen zumhuai ahih manin, hih a nuaiah Thuciam Thak a kineih dan tomno in i gen ding hi.

Lai Siangtho pen vantung panin Pasian in hong khiasukin, hong piangvat hi lo hi. Mihingte gelh leh mihingte zanga Pasian in a kisapna tawh kizui a damdama a pian’sak tawm ahi hi. Tua mah bangin, Thuciam Thak zong bu 27 bek a om pah leulau hi loin, bu tul tampi lak panin bu 27 a kitelkhia ahi hi. ‘Bang teng Lai Siangtho sungah sang ding a, bang teng sanglo ding?’ cih pen Khristian masate in na buaipih mahmah uh hi. Tua banga laibu/laigelh khat Lai Siangtho sung a san’theih ahihna ding a tehna kizang pen “canonization” kici hi.

1. ‘CANON’ CIH KHIATNA

Mangkam a “canon” kici pen Grik pau (kanon) pana kilasawn hi-in, “sikpum tawn” (a straight rod) hiam, “git ciang” (a ruler) cihna ahi hi. Tua ahih leh, “canon” pen na khat peuh a tang-le-tanglo (straight) leh a sau lam tehna dinga kizang van genna ahi hi. Ahi zongin, biakna tawh kisai-in a kizat ciangin, up-le-san ding a ciangtanna kinei laibute genna-in kizang hi. Tua mah bangin Khristian masate in zong, thu-up bulpite (doctrines) leh ngeina tuamtuamte (practices) genna dingin “canonization” pen na zang uh hi. Tu nung ciangin, Khristian upna leh Pawlpi sunga san’theih leh zattheih dinga kingaihsun laibute khenna dingin hih kammal pen kizang hi. A tomin gen lehang, laibu/laigelh khat pen Lai Siangtho sunga san’theih ahihna ding a tehna kizang, kici thei ding hi.

2. TEHNA DINGA KIZANGTE

Thuciam Thak sungah san’theih leh heltheih ahihna dinga ngaihsutte pen Irenaeus-in ‘leitung in kiuli (sak le khang, sim le mal) nei ahih ciangin, Gospel zong 4 ahi ding ahi hi,’ a cih bang lel a kisang ziau hi loin, Khristian makai masate in khenna leh tehna tuamtuam nei uh hi.

(a) Pasian Hu-mop (Inspiration): Pasian thu taktak ahih leh hihloh tehna dingin a kigelh thu pen ‘Pasian hu-mop (inspire) ahi takpi mah hiam,’ cih tawh Pawlpi makai masate in bul na pan uh hi. Tua mah bangin, Lai Siangtho sunga heltheih leh san’theih ding thu khat peuhpeuh pen ‘Pasian hu-mop ahi ding ahi hi’ cih ngaihsutna om hi (cf. 2Tim. 3:16). Sawltak Paul mahmahin zong, ‘Pasian hu-mop peuhpeuh pen Pasian thu’ cihna hi-in, ‘Pasian hu-mop lo peuhmah pen Pasian thu hi lo hi’ na ci hi.

 (b) Up Ding Thu (Orthodoxy): Hih pen “the rule of faith” zong kici-in, Pawlpi makai masate in a kigelh thute pen dikin, san’takin zong zattak hi, ci-a a ngaihsutte genna ahi hi. A tomin gen lehang, Pawlpi updan leh sandan tawh kituak a kigelhte genna ahi hi. Ahi zongin Pawlpi pen ‘up leh zuih ding thute’ sangin a om masa, cihna hilo hi. Lai Siangtho pen a bu in a kibawlma in Pawlpi masate in biakna sung leh upna lamlak dinga ana san laibute genna hizaw hi. Amaute in tua bang laigelhte pen Sawltakte thugen khat peuh hi dingin tuatna (convict) nei uh ahih manin, Lai Siangtho sung a hel dingin zong muantak dingin ngaihsun pah uh hi.

(c) Nungzuite Gelh Hi Ding (Apostolicity): Laigelh/laikhak khat pen Lai Siangtho a dinga san’theih ahihna dingin, a kigelh lai/laikhak pen nungzuite (apostles) hiam, a kithuahpihte hiam gelh hi hamtang ding hi. Gentehna-in, Matthai leh Paul gelh laibute pen haksatna om loin kisang pah thei hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, amaute pen Jesu nungzui-in kisang hi. Luka laigelh ahih leh Paul tawh Luka pen ana kithuah ngei ahihna hang bekin kisang thei hi. Tua mah bangin, Marka zong Piter tawh na kithuah ngei ahih manin, a laigelh pen Lai Siangtho sunga hel dingin kisang thei hi.

(d) Mi Khempeuh Huapzo Hi Ding (Universality/Catholicity): Laigelh khat peuhpeuh Lai Siangtho sunga san’theih ahihna dingin, tua laigelh pen Pawlpi khat leh mun huamneu sung khat beka kizang leh kisang thei laigelh hilo ding hi. Mun huamneu sung khat beka kisang thei laigelh pen Pasian hu-mop ci a san’kim ding haksa hi. Tua ahih manin, laigelh khat peuhpeuh pen Pasian thu-a a kisan theihna dingin, nungzui masate hun laia Pawlpi om tuamtuamte in (pawlpi khat bek santheih cihna hilo hi) zong a san’kim ciat theih laibu ahih ding kisam hi. 

(e) Tanglai Pawlpite Zat Theih (Traditional Usage): Laigelh khat peuhpeuh Lai Siangtho sunga san’theih ahihna dingin, laigelh pen Pawlpi masate in ana zatzat ngeisa laigelh/laibu ahih ding kisam hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, biakna leh biakinn sunga thusinsakna dinga a kizang ngeisa laigelhte pen san’huai zawdeuh dingin kingaihsun hi.

(f) Midangte Gelhna Panin (External Evidences): A tunga kigen teng banah, laigelh dang tuamtuam, gentehna-in sawltak neu (sub apostolic) a kicite – Barnabas Laikhak, 1 & 2 Clement, Ignatius Laikhak, leh Polycarp Laikhak – in zong Thuciam Thak sunga thute pen Pasian hu-mop in ngaihsun tek uh ahih manin, a laigelhna sung uhah zong na limzat (quote) mahmah uh hi. Amaute zatna tungtawnin Thuciam Thak sunga laibute pen Pasian thu ahihna kithei thei hi.

            Tua banah, AD kum zalom 2-na leh 4-na hunlaia laigelh pawlkhat leh pawl tuamtuamte (ecclesiastical councils) – Canon of Marcion (AD 140), Muratonian Canon[1] (AD 170), Festal Letter of Athanasius[2] (AD 367), leh Third Council of Carthage[3] (AD 397) – gelhna panin zong Thuciam Thak bu 27-te pen Pasian thu ahihna kimu thei hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, amaute in a laigelhna sungah Pasian thu ahih lam tak gen uh hi.

            Nidang laia khut tawha kigelh laibute (manuscripts) tung panin zong Thuciam Thak sunga kigelh thute pen Pasian thu ahihna kithei thei hi. Gentehna-in, Codex Sinaiticus (N 01) kici laibu (mss[4]) in Thuciam Thak bu 27- te leh Thuciam Lui bu pawlkhat pen Pasian thu in ngaihsun ahih manin laibu khat sungah na gawmkhawm khin hi. Ahi zongin, hih laibu sungah Barnabas Laikhak leh Shepherd of Hermas pen Thuciam Thak bu sungah kihel hi. Bang bang hita leh, hih laibu in Thuciam Thak pen muantak ahihna leh Pasian thu ahihna kipsak veve hi. 

3. BANG HANGIN THUCIAM THAK LAIBU DINGTE A TUAMA TELKHIAT KISAM HIAM?

AD kum 140 masiah pen Khristian masate in Grik pau a kitei Thuciam Lui, Apocrypha kihelna Lai Siangtho Grik pau-a kigelh “Septuagint” (or LXX) kici zang uh hi. Ahi zongin, Khristiante upna a buaisak thei upna thak hong pian tak teh, Khristiante up leh zuih ding thu kiciantak pen khenkhiat ding hong kisam hi. Khristiante upna a buaisak pawl tuamtuamte laka pawlkhatte hih a nuaia bangin kigen hi.

(a) Marcionism (AD 140): Marcion pen Khristian mah kici nuam-in, a hau mahmah leh tembaw nangawn zong a nei thei khat ahi hi. Amah in AD kum zalom 2-na hun lai-in thuhilhna manlo zangin nungzui ngah sawm ngei hi. Jesu leh Thuciam Lui-in kisaina bangmah neilo ahih manin, Thuciam Lui pen Pasian thu dingin amah in sang zolo hi. Tua banah, Luka gelh Lungdamna Thu tomkaih leh Paul laikhak 10 bek Lai Siangtho dingin sang thei hi. Tua ahih manin, kician taka zat theih ding Lai Siangtho neih ding kisam sakna Khristiante lakah om hi. Bang teng Lai Siangtho-in kisang ding a, bang teng kisanglo ding hiam? cih dotna om hi. A tomin gen lehang, Marcion thuhilhna manlo hangin Khristiante in thu-up ding leh zuih ding kiciantaka neih ding kisam sa uh hi.

(b) Gnosticism: AD kum zalom 2-na hun lai mahin, thutheihna (gnosis – knowledge) tawh vantung gam tun a sawm mi pawlkhat om uh hi. Amaute in Jesu mah liansak uh ahih manin Khristian kici nuam uh hi. Ahi zongin, amaute upna in Khristiante nakpi takin buaisak zawsop hi. Hih bang thuhilhna manlo leh upna paikhialte hangin Khristiante in upding ciang leh san’ding ciang kician taka neih ding kisam hi.

Tua banah, Khristiante bawlsiatna a nasiat semsem tak ciangin (AD 2-3), sih donga thuakna dingin ‘bang laigelh leh bang laikhak teng umin sang ding?’ cih pen khentel ding kisam hi. Tua ahih manin, Thuciam Thak pen a bu in kibawl hi, kici thei ding hi.

(c) Montanism: Montanism pen Marcionism zawh deuh, ahi zongin AD kum zalom 2-na hun lai mah a Montanus makaihna tawh a hong kipan ahi hi. Montanus in Johan 14:16; 15:26 leh 16:12-15 sunga Kha Siangtho (paraclete) pen ama tungtawnin hong kilang khia hi, ci-in gen hi. Amah in, leitung hong beipah ta ding ahih manin, gamtat hoiha a gamta dingin mite hanthawn hi. Ahi zongin, a kamsan’nate pen Khristian makai masate in sang zo loin, ‘thuhilhna manlo hi,’ ci-in khiatsak uh hi. Tua banah, Montanus in a thu sinsakte pen gelhkhia pahpah ahih manin, Khristiante in zong tua banga up theih ding leh san’theih ding laibute pen gelh a koih ding hoih sa uh hi.

THUKHUPNA

A tunga kigen teng banah, Lai Siangtho a bu a kibawlna hang dang tampi zong gen ding omlai inteh. Ahi zongin, a tunga kigente pen a kilim genzaw deuh teng ahi hi. Ka phawk khiat thu khatin, “bang hangin Lai Siangtho pen kigelhkhia pahlo hiding hiam?” Hih thu pen hun dangah gen dingin koih lai phot ni.

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[1] Jeim laikhak, Hebrew, 1 & 2 Piter leh Maangmuhna cihloh teng pen Lai Siangtho dingin sang hi.

[2] Athanasius in Thuciam Thak bu 27-te’ pen Lai Siangtho dingin sang khin hi.

[3] Carthage mun a vaihawmna in Thuciam Thak bu 27 te’ pen Lai Siangtho dingin nasangin, hih hun a kipanin tu a I zat Thuciam Thak pen kisang suak cih theih ding hi.

[4] Mss – Manuscripts; Ms – Manuscript

THUPATNA

BC 63 pawl a kipanin Rom kumpi hong khangin, Palestine gam zong uk ding hong kipan hi. Tua zawh a sawtlo BC 37 pawla kipanin, Palestine gam a om Judahte pen Rom kumpi-in Herod inkuan khut-ah koih hi. Tua mah bangin Rom kumpi in ama tang a uk dingin gamkhen (province) tuamtuam-ah Governor zah a lian leh thunei uksawn ding mi Procurator/Proconsul a kici koih tek hi. Amaute in a uk gamkhen ciat uh hoih tak a kal a suan theihna dingin mapang ciat uh hi. Judah gam a uksawn kumpi Herod in a nasep hoihna hangin, Rom kumpi-in panin amah a huh dingin galkap a kipiak cih simloh, gamkhen a uksawn dangte kiangah galkap kipia lo hi. Thuciam Thak hun lai-in Rom kumpi gam sungah ngeina (culture) leh pau tawh kisai-in Grik kizui zaw ahih manin, a ukna gam pen “Graeco-Roman” zong kici hi. Rom kumpi ukna nuaia mite dinmun leh nuntakzia pawlkhat a tomno in gen ding hi hang. Hih pen Thuciam Thak hun lai a mite nuntakzia zong hipah hi.

1. GAMSUNG KI-UKZIA TAWH KISAI (POLITICAL CONDITION)

(a) Gamsungah Muanna Om (Pax Romana): Lamdung tenga khualzin mite a suam, buaina a bawl migilote leh gutate pen Rom kumpi ukna sungah muh ding om nawn lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Rom galkapte in lampi dung tengah cing uh hi.  Kiphaktuahna lampi pen nuam mahmahin, “Lampi khempeuhin Rom khuapi tawn hi” (All roads lead to Rome) kici liang hi. Gam kiu khat panin kiu khat dong pen lampi nuamtakin kisial ahih manin, gamsungah buaina a om ciangin, a vengsak dingin Rom galkapte in buaina munte manlang takin phatuah mengmeng thei uh hi.

Tua mah bangin, teembaw tawh tuipi tung a khualzin mite ading a haksatna a bawl leh van a suam mite (pirates) khempeuh zong Rom kumpi-in vengsak khin hi. Tua ahih manin kumpi Kaisar Augustus-in (27 BC – AD 14), “Tuipi tunga migilote vengsak khin kahih manin, tuipi tung zong khamuang mahmah hi” ci-in gen hi. Tua bangin leitung leh tuitung khualzinna-ah haksatna om loin lungmuang takin mite khualzin thei uh ahih manin, “Rom kumpi gamsungah muanna om hi,” kici thei hi. Hih tawh kizui-in, Kaisar Augustus uk hun sung pen Pax Romana (muanna om hun) ci-in zong kiciamteh hi.

(b) Pautang (Lingua Franca): Hih pen culture (ngeina) tawh kisai himah leh,  gen veve mai ni. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Rom kumpi ukna gam sungah pautaang (common language) dingin Grik kizang hi. Mi khatin ama pau (mother tongue) banah, Grik pau (koine Greek) zong thei ahih manin, pau namnih zang (bilingual) suak piantek uh hi. Ahi zongin, Grik pau bek tawh zong Rom kumpi ukna gam sung-ah kita thei lel hi. 

(c) Kithuzakna (Postal Service): Lampi leh kiphaktuahna nuam mahmah ahih manin, kithuzakna zong oltuam mahmah hi. Laikhak khat peuhpeuh pen munkhat panin mundang khat, a sawt loin tung pah ziauziau thei hi.

(d) Palestine-a Om Judahte: Rom kumpi pen vaihawm siam mahmahin, ama tang a uk dingin uksawn koihtek hi. Tua mah bangin, Palestine-a om Judahte pen Herod in ukin, ama gamsungah zong haksatna om lo hi. Judahte ngeina pawlkhat bang kepcing sak zawsop hi.

(i) Jerusalem biakinn adinga kipia siah (temple tax) pen a ‘siangtho’ in ngaihsunin, kepcing sak hi. Tua banah biakpiakna a kipia suangmanpha leh sumngote zong mun dangah khakkhiat ding phalsak hi.

(ii) Moses Thukham kigelhna laizial zong kepcing sak (protected) hi. Gentail mi khat peuhin biakinn a zat ding a kipia sumpi leh van hi-in, Thukham laizial hita leh a guk peuhmah leh thukhenna om ding hi. Tua mipa pen a neih le lam nangawn kilaksak (confiscate) thei hi.

(iii) Judahte Sabbath ni zong kiseh sakin, hih ni-in Judah mi thukhenna zum (Court)-ah kisam ngeilo hi.

(iv) Judah mite pen khuasung khantohna ding a sum kaihkhopna tuamtuam leh Rom galkap sunga kihel teiteina ding lak panin kitheisiam hi.

            Tua ahih manin, Palestine gama om Judahte in zong Rom kumpi theihpihna leh kepna banah, gamsung muanna pen ciamkha uh hi.

2. SUM LE PAI DINMUN (SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION)

Galkap thuneihna tawh gamsung kivaipua ahih manin, makai a semte pen hau mahmahin, mipite pen zawng mahmah uh hi. Mizawngte in lokho in nektawm zongin, ahi zongin a sepsa uh a tamzaw pen mihaute khutsung mah tungkik veve hi. Tua ahih manin, mihaute adingin a sepsak uh tawh kibang hi. Bek tham loin, gamsung a piang khaiteh-khaigahte panin mihaute in siah kaikhawm in, a zahnih a zahthum a lak hun uh zong om hi. Tua ahih manin, mizawngte tanh (share) pen tawmlua in, a neilo bang phial ahi uh hi. 

            Palestine-a om Judahte lakah zong Rom kumpi-in hih a nuaia bangin siah kaikhawm hi.

(a) Mundang teng mah bangin, gamsung khai piang, gan zuakna sum leh gamdang pana vanlakna mante panin siah kikaikhawm hi. Mi nautangte nasepna pana kingah sum panin zong siah kikaikhawm lai hi. G. E. Lenski-in Palestine gamsung a khai piang a tamzaw (60-65%) pen a gamsung mihau tawmcikte (5%) in kihawmin, khai piang dang (30-35%) pen a gamsung mipi tamzawte (95%) in kihawm uh ahih manin, mihaute leh mizawngte kikal pen kigamla mahmah hi, ci-in gen hi. Warren Carter-in zong Rom kumpi gam sungah mi nautang (middle class) om loin, a hau leh a zawng bek om hi, ci-in gen hi. Mizawngte in tuikhan hun (floods) leh khuakhal hun (drought) ciangin thuak diak uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, amaute in mihaute kiang panin nekding banah sum le pai leitawi-in, tua a leitawi (loan) sum le paite uh panin a met tampi pungin (khatveivei ciangin 300% bang pung thei hi) loh kik uh hi.

(b) Judah pasal khempeuhin kum simin Shekel lang (½) Jerusalem biakinn huhna dingin pia uh hi. Tua banah, Jerusalem biakinnpi puahna dingin kumpi Herod in siah tampipi kaikhawm lai hi. Hih teng banah, sepna pana kingah khaiteh-khaigah lak panin Siampite adingin sawm-a-khat (tithe) zong kipia lai hi.

 (c) Gamsung mipi a khanhat tawh tehin, a gamsung khai piang pen khanglo ahih manin, mi nautangte adingin nuntak baihlo hi.

3. BIAKNA DINMUN (RELIGIOUS CONDITION)

Gamsungah muanna omin, dan (law) khauhtakin a kizat hangin; mipite nuntakzia (moral life) pen sia mahmah hi (cf. Rom. 1:1ff.). Biakna khat peuhin Rom kumpi a buaisak keinak leh, amaute in amau pasian tek mah bia in, biakpiakna hoihtak nei thei lel uh hi. Ahi zongin, a langkhat lamah amaute in Rom kumpipa pen pasian zaha a et ding uh kisam leuleu hi.

            Palestine-a om Judah mite adingin Jerusalem pen a biakna munpi uh ahi hi. Siampite pen kumpi seh (political appointment) ahih manin, amaute in kumpi lungkimsakna ding ciang bek tawh nasem uh hi. Tua ahih manin, biakinn-ah nisimin pai loin, Sabbath ni leh ni thupi diakte bekah pai uh hi.

Tua banah, Judah mite pen kithoihna leh zekh tuamtuam tawh buai lua uh ahih manin, Pasian in thumanna tawh vai a hawm hun ding ngakin mipite om uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, amaute in puatham biakpiakna lel tawh lungkimna leh khamuanna neizo nawn loin, a lamet uh Messiah hong kilat hun ding ngaklah mahmah uh hi. Ahi zongin, Messiah hong kilat tak ciangin, amaute in phawkin neikha nawnlo zel uh hi.

THUKHUPNA

A tunga kigente pen a huampi leh tomkim taka etna hi in, a kicingzaw in en ding cilehang laidal tampi kisam ding ahih manin, hunsak phot ding hi hang. Hun hoih a om leh, Thuciam Thak sunga laibu/laikhak omte hun lai tangthute a tuama ettelna kinei lai ding hi. Matthai, Marka, Luka, Johan, Sawltak, etc. hunlai leitung, cih bangin.